Dia Bukan Perempuan Gila: Mengunjungi Kembali Ayub 2:9-10 dengan Perspektif Feminis dan Teori Maskulinitas

Grant Nixon

doi:10.46567/ijt.v13i1.475

Penulis

Grant Nixon STT Ekumene Jakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46567/ijt.v13i1.475

Kata Kunci:

istri Ayub, reinterpretasi feminis, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, kesetaraan gender, otonomi perempuan

Abstrak

Kisah Ayub terdapat dalam tradisi Abrahamik. Pembacaan Kristen atas istri Ayub didominasi oleh suara laki-laki yang menegasikan dinamika relasi gender dalam masyarakat patriarki. Berbeda dengan Islam yang memotret istri Ayub sebagai perempuan beriman yang mendampingi Ayub dalam kesusahan, istri Ayub dalam tradisi Yahudi-Kristen diasosiasikan sebagai alat Iblis untuk menguji iman Ayub. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengunjungi kembali pembacaan Kristen terhadap percakapan istri Ayub dan Ayub sendiri dalam terang kesadaran adanya ketimpangan relasi kuasa pada dinamika relasi gender dalam teks maupun penafsirannya. Dengan metode analisis sosio-historis, pertama-tama saya akan mendedah dinamika relasi gender pada masa pembentukan teks untuk menyajikan kompleksitas posisi dan peran perempuan di masa tersebut. Memanfaatkan lensa hermeneutik kecurigaan Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza dan dialog dengan lensa tafsir progresif, saya memotret istri Ayub sebagai perempuan otonom dan resisten dalam ruang ketidakadilan yang sistemik. Akhirnya, saya bertolak menuju perkataan Ayub yang menghardik istrinya sebagai “perempuan gila” (TB-LAI) secara kritis dari perspektif maskulinitas. Saya mendaku perkataan tersebut sebagai suatu narasi reflektif yang bersifat otokritik bagi laki-laki yang menikmati privilese dalam masyarakat patriarki. Saya berargumen bahwa hardikan tersebut merupakan cerminan dari krisis maskulinitas laki-laki di ruang keagamaan yang cenderung menggunakan kuasa dan premis mistik untuk membungkam suara perempuan. Tanpa bermaksud merebut suara perempuan, pembacaan ulang dilangsungkan dalam keberpihakan terhadap perempuan sebagai kontribusi aktif laki-laki pada perjuangan kesetaraan gender, khususnya dalam pembacaan teks keagamaan.

Unduhan

Data unduhan belum tersedia.

Biografi Penulis

Grant Nixon, STT Ekumene Jakarta

Grant Nixon adalah seorang dosen purnawaktu di STT Ekumene Jakarta. Minat penelitiannya berada pada perjumpaan isu teologi/agama, gender, dan seksualitas.

Referensi

Ackerman, Susan. “Women in the Ancient Near East.” In Near Eastern Archaeology, edited by Suzanne Richard, 150–56. Penn State University Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575065472-025.

Alden, Robert L. Job. The New American Commentary. Volume 11. Broadman & Holman, 1993.

Andersen, Francis I. Job: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Volume 14. IVP Academic, 2009.

Baker, David W. “Law and Legal Systems in Ancient Israel.” In Behind the Scenes of the Old Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts, edited by Jonathan S. Greer, John W. Hilber, and John H. Walton. Baker Academic, 2018.

Barth, Christoph, dan Marie-Claire Barth-Frommel. Teologi Perjanjian Lama 1. BPK Gunung Mulia, 2008.

Breniquet, Catherine. “Weaving, Potting, Churning: Women at Work during the Uruk Period: Evidence from the Cylinder Seals.” In The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, edited by Brigitte Lion and Cécile Michel, 8–28. De Gruyter, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614519089-004.

Canaan, Joyce E., and Christine Griffin. “The New Men’s Studies: Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution.” In Men, Masculinities and Social Theory, edited by Jeff Heam and David Morgan, 206–14. Unwin Hyman, 1990.

Coleman, Wil. “Doing Masculinity/Doing Theory.” In Men, Masculinities and Social Theory, edited by Jeff Heam and David Morgan, 186–99. Unwin Hyman, 1990.

Connell, R. W. Masculinities. Second Edition. University of California Press, 2005.

Crawford, Harriet. “An Exploration of the World of Women in Third-millenium Mesopotamia.” In Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook, edited by Mark W. Chavalas. Routledge, 2012.

Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler. Bread Not Stone: The Challenge of Feminist Biblical Interpretation. Beacon Press, 1995.

Frymer-Kensky. “Hagar.” In Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Meyers, Carol L., Toni Craven, and Ross Shepard Kraemer. Houghton Mifflin, 2000.

Goldberg, Alexander. “The Book of Job, Part 5: Job’s Wife – Did She Bless or Curse?” The Guardian, July 26, 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/jul/26/judaism-job-philosophy.

Hartley, John E. The Book of Job. Eerdmans, 2007.

Hasyim, Nur. Good Boys Doing Feminism: Maskulinitas dan Masa Depan Laki-laki Baru. Cetakan Kedua. EA Books, 2021.

Hathaway, Hannah. “Job and the Unknown Wife: Through the Lens of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.” UCLA Journal of Religion 5 (2021): 90–105.

Hill, Andrew E., and John H. Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament. Third Edition. Zondervan, 2009.

Low, Katherine. “Domestic Disputations at the Dung Heap: A Reception History of Job and His Wife in Christianity of the West.” Dissertation, Brite Divinity School, 2010.

_______. The Bible, Gender, and Reception History : The Case of Job’s Wife. Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472550835.

Mack, Hananel. “Wife of Job: Apocrypha.” In Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Jewish Women’s Archive, February 27, 2009. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/wife-of-job-apocrypha.

Magdalene, F. Rachel. “Job’s Wife as Hero: A Feminist-forensic Reading of the Book of Job.” Biblical Interpretation 14, no. 3 (2006): 209–58. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851506776722985.

Mark, Joshua J. “Women in Ancient Egypt.” In World History Encyclopedia, March 30, 2023. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/623/women-in-ancient-egypt/.

Marsman, Hennie J. Women in Ugarit and Israel: Their Social and Religious Position in the Context of the Ancient Near East. Brill, 2003.

Marx, Karl. “Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.” In Marx: Early Political Writings, edited by Joseph J. O’Malley and Richard A. Davis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

McCarry, Melanie. “Masculinity Studies and Male Violence: Critique or Collusion?” Women’s Studies International Forum 30, no. 5 (2007): 404–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2007.07.006.

Meyers, Carol L. “Was Ancient Israel a Patriarchal Society?” Journal of Biblical Literature 133, no. 1 (2014): 8–27. https://doi.org/10.15699/jbibllite.133.1.8.

_______. “Women in Ancient Israel.” In Behind the Scenes of the Old Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts, edited by Jonathan S. Greer, John W. Hilber, and John H. Walton. Baker Academic, 2018.

Natar, Asnath Niwa. “Diam atau Bersuara: Tafsir terhadap Kisah Safira dan Izebel dari Perspektif Feminis.” Kurios 5, no. 2 (2019): 139–150. https://doi.org/10.30995/kur.v5i2.117.

Norton, Caitlin. “A Clever Twist to a Classic Tale: A Fresh Perspective on Job’s Wife in Job 2:9.” In Women in the Biblical World: A Survey of Old and New Testament Perspectives, edited by Elizabeth A. McCabe. Volume 2. University Press of America, 2011.

Pardes, Ilana. “Wife of Job: Bible.” In Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Jewish Women’s Archive, February 27, 2009. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/wife-of-job-bible.

Pope, Marvin H. Job. The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. Volume 15. Yale University Press, 2008.

Reeder, Caryn A. “Wives and Daughters: Women, Sex, and Violence in Biblical Tradition.” Ex Auditu: An International Journal for the Theological Interpretation of Scripture 28 (2012): 122–41.

Robinson, Victoria. “Men, Masculinity Studies And Feminism.” In Introducing Gender and Women’s Studies, edited by Diane Richardson. Fifth Edition. Bloomsbury, 2020.

Salisbury, Joyce E. Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World. Bloomsbury, 2001.

Sang, Lau Yiu. “Job’s Wife: Listen to Her through the LXX with Feminist Lens.” Thesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.

Santoso, Agus. “Peran Istri Ayub dalam Pendampingan bagi Penderitaan Suaminya.” Forum Biblika 22 (2007): 33.

Scholtz, Roger John. “Now My Eyes Have Seen You: Re-Visioning Job’s Wife in the Book of Job.” Dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2015.

Seow, C. L. Job 1-21: Interpretation and Commentary. Eerdmans, 2013.

_______. “Job’s Wife.” In Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld, edited by Katharine Doob Sakenfeld, Linda Day, and Carolyn Pressler. Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.

Shepherd, David. “‘Strike His Bone and His Flesh’: Reading Job from the Beginning.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 33, no. 1 (2008): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309089208094461.

Stol, Marten, Helen Richardson, and M. E. J. Richardson. Women in the Ancient Near East. De Gruyter, 2016.

Stünkel, Isabel. Women in Ancient Egypt: Revisiting Power, Agency, and Autonomy, edited by Mariam F. Ayad. The American University in Cairo Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2r4kwrg.

Tonstad, Linn Marie. Queer Theology: Beyond Apologetics. Cascade Books, 2018.

Trible, Phyllis. Texts of Terror: Literary Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. Fortress, 1984.

Walton, John H., and Tremper Longman III. How to Read Job. IVP Academic, 2015.

Watterson, Barbara. Women in Ancient Egypt. Sutton, 1994.